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国家公园二元管控范式下违法进入行为的规范解释与治理革新

Normative interpretation and governance innovation of illegal entry under the dual-management paradigm of national parks

  • 摘要: 我国《国家公园法》与《生态环境法典》正式确立了国家公园“核心保护区+一般控制区”的二元管控范式,实现了从程序性批准审查到实体性分区禁止的法律规制转型。但实践中非法穿越、远程侵入等违法进入禁止区域的行为仍屡禁不止,其核心症结在于法治实践未厘清“违法进入”的规范内涵。本文系统梳理国家公园分区管控与执法权变革对违法进入行为规制的影响,对“禁止人为活动”“进入”“禁止区域”三大核心概念进行体系化解释和规范重构。在此基础上,从立法、执法、司法三大维度构建协同治理体系:立法上区分核心保护区“负面清单”与一般控制区“正面清单”的管控逻辑,明确法定例外的封闭性与批准程序的功能转化;执法上细化阶梯式处罚裁量基准,落实比例原则并拓展信用惩戒、通报批评等多元化责任承担方式;司法上创新“大数据+禁令”治理模式,通过区块链存证、生态修复智慧执行与预防性禁止令实现治理现代化。从治理效能来看,国家公园治理应从单纯的禁止进入向规范准入转型,兼顾生态保护与公众生态环境权益,为以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系法治化建设提供理论支撑与可操作的制度方案。

     

    Abstract: The National Park Law of the People's Republic of China and the Ecological Environment Code have formally established the dual-control paradigm comprising the "core protected area and general control area" for national parks, marking a regulatory transition from "procedural approval and review" to "substantive zoning prohibitions." However, in practice, acts of illegal entry into prohibited areas such as unauthorized traversing and remote intrusions remain rampant. The core issue lies in the fact that legal practice has not clearly defined the normative connatation of "illegal entry." This paper systematically sorts out how zoning control and the reform of law enforcement powers in national parks affect the regulation of illegal entry, providing a systematic interpretation and normative reconstruction of three core concepts: "prohibition of human activities", "entry" and "prohibited areas". On this basis, it constructs a collaborative governance system from three dimensions: legislation, law enforcement and judicature. At the legislative level, it distinguishes the governance logic between the "negative list" for core protected areas and the "positive list" for general control areas, and clarifies the exclusivity of statutory exceptions and the functional transformation of approval procedures. At the law enforcement level, it refines tiered penalty discretion benchmarks, implements the principle of proportionality, and expands diversified accountability mechanisms including credit-based sanctions and public criticism. At the judicial level, it innovates the "big data and injunction" governance model, and realizes governance modernization through blockchain evidence preservation, intelligent enforcement of ecological restoration obligations and preventive injunctions. In terms of governance effectiveness, the management of national parks should shift from a simple "entry prohibition" to "regulated access", balancing ecological conservation with the public's rights to the ecological environment. This approach will provide both theoretical support and practical institutional frameworks for the development of a legal system for the protected area network, with national parks as its core.

     

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