Abstract: With Sophora moorcroftiana samples collected from 11 populations in Tibet, we processed them with paraffin section methods and measured 11 leaf anatomical structure indexes. Variance analysis, correlation analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis by SPSS were performed to screen for the most representative leaf anatomical structure indexes. The S.moorcroftiana from different population was evaluated by subordinate function. The Results showed:(1)S.moorcroftiana leaves were typical isolateral leaf in which spongy tissue exists in the middle of palisade tissue. Among the 11 populations, the thickness of leaf, the thickness of palisade tissue, the diameter of vein vascular bundle, and the tightness of cell structure showed extremely significant difference(P<0.01), P/S ratio showed significant difference(P<0.05), while other indexes showed no significant difference; (2)From data analysis, the thickness of leaf, upper epidermis and upper cuticle could be used as main drought analyze resistance index, other indexes can be used as subsidiary Index; (3)LS1 and NY1 populations showed stronger drought resistance than NC1 and YL1 populations. For S.moorcroftiana, the thickness of leaf, upper epidermis and upper cuticle are the main anatomical factors that affect the drought resistance and can be used as major indexes for the evaluation of drought resistance. However, other factors, including physiological and biochemical parameters in the period of seed germination and seedling, should be taken into consideration for more accurate and comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance in S.moorcroftiana.