Abstract: To reveal the effect of different planting years on rhizosphere microecosystem of Zanthoxylum bungeanum,the changes of microbial community structure,physiochemical properties and enzyme activitieswere studied,and the phospholipid fatty acid（PLFAs）contents of microorganisms,p H,total organic carbon（TOC）,available potassium,polyphenol oxidase activity,et al.were investigated in the rhizosphere soils of 1,15 and 30-year-old Z.bungeanum trees.The results showed that the soil pH and the activity of polyphenoloxidase decreased with the increase of planting years,and the soil available K and P increased significantly at 15 and 30 a.The contents of total PLFA,fungi and gram-negative bacteria（G^-）in soil increased with plantingyears,and reached the maximum at 30 years,which were 401.95,88.14 and 118.61 μg·g^-1,respectively.Thecontents of gram-positive bacteria（G+）and actinomycetes PLFA increased first and then decreased with plantingyears.Bacteria/fungi and G⁺/G^-decreased with the increase of planting years.Compared with 1 year plants,bacteria/fungi and G+/G^-decreased by 34.14% and 38.87% at 30 years plants respectively.Soil pH was significantlynegatively correlated with total PLFA,G^-,bacteria and fungi,and positively correlated with G+/G^- respectively.The activity of polyphenol oxidase was significantly negatively correlated with fungi,and positively correlated withbacteria/fungi and G+/G^- respectively.Z.bungeanum rhizosphere soil physiochemical properties,enzyme activitiesand microbial community structure changed significantly with the increase of plant years.The changes ofrhizosphere soil p H,available phosphorus,available potassium,polyphenol oxidase activity were the mainenvironmental factors that affected the microbial community and composition,the increase of fungi and G^-and thedecrease of polyphenol oxidase activity might be the important reasons that induced root rot of Z.bungeanum.