Abstract: Apocynum venetum is an important wild germplasm resource in China, and understanding the characteristics of A. venetum community and its relationship with environmental factors is of great significance for the protection and rational development and utilization of A. venetum germplasm resources. The wild A.venetum distributed in Jinta County, Minqin County, Hangjinqi, Zhaluteqi, and Baicheng City were used as materials. Based on the community composition and habitat characteristics, the biodiversity and its relationship with climate factors, and environmental factors affecting the changes in A. venetum communities were analyzed respectively. The results showed that: the species diversity of the five plots from high to low was Zhaluteqi, Minqin County, Baicheng City, Jinta County, Hangjinqi, with Zhaluteqi having the highest biodiversity（H=2.591, D=2.511, E=0.796, R₁=44.833, R₂=6.423）, and Hangjinqi had the lowest biodiversity（H=1.173, D=0.915, E=0.564, R₁=3.641, R₂=1.968）. The species diversity of A. venetum community was closely related to precipitation, temperature and evaporation, especially the Gleason and Margalef index were significantly positively correlated with precipitation in May, June and July, indicating that precipitation during the growing season was important to community species diversity.